To understand rough running after air-filter service, compare it under normal, safe conditions: cold versus warm, idle versus steady speed, and light versus higher load. Note whether the engine began running differently right after the filter was replaced. Change one condition at a time so the result stays useful.
Do not create a risky test just to reproduce it. Check that the airbox is closed and intake duct or sensor connectors are fully seated.
Quick educational note
For information, not a diagnosis or repair instruction. Vehicle-specific checks are still required. Consult the manufacturer's guidance and a qualified technician.
How to use this information
This article explains general principles and does not establish what is wrong with your vehicle. Read the content limitations.